Social Phenomena - Socioeconomic History

 Social Phenomena 

Analysis of social phenomena

Corruption, Homophobia, Feminicide, Drug Traffiking and Animal Abuse

Social phenomena in Mexico is the result of years of indiference, ignorance and violence in our society. I think that social problems are the cause of the little education we have, we need conscious citizens with values ​​that help to eradicate corruption. Government corruption results in a violent country, filled with little empathy for others. Violence generates social problems that harm the entire population of the country. As a result we have, feminicides and drug traffiking. However nowadays there many social movements that wants to change these issues, and we can contribute with them informing ourselves which actions affect our society.

Urbanism - Socioeconomic History

 Urbanism

Urbanism is the study of how the population of urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact with the built environment. It is a main component for urban planning, it is the practice that focuses on the physical design and management of urban structures and urban sociology, which is the academic field of study.

Principles of urbanism

Walkability

– Most things are within a 10-minute walk from home and work.

Connectivity

-The network of interconnected streets disperses traffic and makes walking easier.

Mixed use and diversity

-A mix of shops, offices, apartments and houses on the site. Mixed use within neighborhoods, interior and exterior.

Mixed Housing

-A range of types, sizes and prices in greater proximity.

Quality Architecture and Urbanism

 - Design Emphasis on beauty, human comfort and creating a sense of place; a special situation for civil and solar uses within the community. The architecture within the human range and the beautiful surroundings nourish the human soul.

Urban cities

Los Angeles

Los Angeles is a city located in the state of California, it is recognized for residing one of the most famous entertainment industries in the world, it is also one of the most populous in the United States.

HABITANTS: Population in 2022 was 12,488,000 

MINIMUM WAGE:  $16.04 per work hour

ECONOMY: "Los Angeles County is one of the most dynamic economies in the world, with a fast-growing and immense high-tech industry, world-leading creative economy, tremendous strength in aerospace and advanced transportation, the nation’s largest manufacturing base, the nation’s largest international trade industry, and a rapidly increasing amount of venture capital investment in startups". (LAEDC)

HEALTH COST INDEX: The average cost of health insurance in California is $541 per month for a 40-year-old purchasing a Silver plan. (14 feb 2023)

EDUCATION: For the academic year 2022-2023, the average undergraduate tuition & fees of Colleges in Los Angeles, California is $4,828 for in-state and $24,382 for out-of-state.

SECURITY: IB. (2023, February 8). Is Los Angeles safe to visit? A comprehensive safety guide. Bounce. https://usebounce.com/guides/los-angeles/is-los-angeles-safe-to-visitt received a very high overall score of 76.5 on the 2021 Safe Cities Index, making it the 18th-safest city among 60 cities worldwide

TRANSPORT: The Los Angeles Metro is affordable, relatively easy to use, and services most of Los Angeles County and its top attractions. The public transit system consists of Metro Buses, DASH Buses, and Metro Rail Trains. To ride these buses, trains, and subways, we recommend purchasing a reusable TAP Card.

Mexico city

HABITANTS: Population of 8.855 millon

(Organización de las Naciones Unidas, Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos)

MINIMUM WAGE: $172.87 pesos per work day 

ECONOMY: According to Data Mexico "in the fourth quarter of 2022, the economically active population of Mexico City was 4.92M people. The employed workforce reached 4.7M people (45.1% women and 54.9% men) with an average monthly salary of $4.18k MX".

HEALTH COST INDEX: The Federal Expenditure Budget Project (PPEF) 2022 "proposes 824 thousand 181 million pesos (mdp) for the health sector, this means an increase of 0.37% of GDP compared to 2021. 9.1% of this increase is allocated to the program IMSS – Well-being, which according to the direction and efficiency of spending"

EDUCATION: The Mexican Constitution establishes that citizens have the right to receive education. The United Mexican States, through the Secretariat of Public Education, Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP), is in charge of providing education to the people under four basic principles, (in public education): it is secular, compulsory, free, and must meet quality standards

SECURITY: In 2022 INEGI shows that "in September, 64.4% of the population aged 18 and over considered living in their city unsafe. During September 2022, 70.5% of women and 57.2% of men considered that it is unsafe to live in their city".

TRANSPORT: Public transportation is made up of: metro, light rail, suburban train, metrobus, mexibus, trolleybus, RTP (Public Transportation Routes – government bus), collective, suburban bus, and taxis. These make 78.5% of the trips in the city. The rest is done by private transport, with the private car having the greatest share of trips.

References

Quintero, D. (2023, March 9). Salario mínimo en México: ¿cuánto subió y qué efectos tendrá? Factorial Blog. https://factorial.mx/blog/salario-minimo-mexico/#:~:text=Salario%20m%C3%ADnimo%202022&text=Salario%20m%C3%ADnimo%20general%20pasa%20de,total%20suma%20%245%2C255%20pesos%20mensuales.

Ciudad de México: Economía, empleo, equidad, calidad de vida, educación, salud y seguridad pública | Data México. (n.d.). Data México. https://datamexico.org/es/profile/geo/ciudad-de-mexico-cx#:~:text=En%20el%20cuarto%20trimestre%20de,mensual%20de%20%244.18k%20MX.

Méndez, J. S. M. (2021, September 29). Presupuesto para salud en 2022: Prioriza IMSS – Bienestar: primer y segundo nivel de atención. https://ciep.mx/presupuesto-para-salud-en-2022-prioriza-imss-bienestar-primer-y-segundo-nivel-de-atencion/#:~:text=El%20Proyecto%20de%20Presupuesto%20de,del%20PIB%20respecto%20a%202021.

INEGI (2022, October 18) ENCUESTA NACIONAL DE SEGURIDAD PÚBLICA URBAN TRIMESTRE DE 2022. https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2022/ensu/ensu2022_10.pdf

Medina, S. (2019, August 16). El transporte público en la Ciudad de México: incentivos a la ineficiencia - Distintas Latitudes. Distintas Latitudes. https://distintaslatitudes.net/archivo/el-transporte-publico-en-la-ciudad-de-mexico-incentivos-a-la-ineficiencia#:~:text=El%20transporte%20p%C3%BAblico%20en%20la%20Ciudad%20de%20M%C3%A9xico%20se%20compone,colectivo%2C%20autob%C3%BAs%20suburbano%20y%20taxis.

Los Angeles Metro Area Population 1950-2023. (n.d.). MacroTrends. https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/23052/los-angeles/population#:~:text=The%20current%20metro%20area%20population,a%200.1%25%20increase%20from%202020.

LACity (2021) https://wagesla.lacity.org/

Thrive in LA - Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. (2022, June 21). Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. https://laedc.org/thrive-in-la/

Colleges in Los Angeles, California 2023 Tuition Comparison. (n.d.). College Tuition Compare. https://www.collegetuitioncompare.com/compare/tables/?state=CA&city=Los%20Angeles#:~:text=For%20the%20academic%20year%202022,are%20higher%20than%20national%20average.

B. (2023, February 8). Is Los Angeles safe to visit? A comprehensive safety guide. Bounce. https://usebounce.com/guides/los-angeles/is-los-angeles-safe-to-visit

Getting Around LA - How to Get Around Los Angeles for Tourists. (n.d.). Go City®. https://gocity.com/los-angeles/en-us/blog/getting-around-los-angeles#:~:text=The%20Los%20Angeles%20Metro%20is,purchasing%20a%20reusable%20TAP%20Card.

Migration - Socioeconomic History

 Migration

What is it?

According to Oxford Dictionary migration is "the movement of a person or people from one country, locality, place of residence, etc., to settle in another; an instance of this". Migration is one of our human rigths. Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights said that every person has the right to move freely and to choose their residence in the territory of a state. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including their own, and to return to their country. 

A migrant is who, regardless of the reason, leave, transit or arrive in a country other than the one of origin, or in a territory where they did not live or work before. Includes the one who seek to reside, work, transit or visit Mexico, regardless of whether they do so regularly or irregularly, or how long they stay. Therefore, migrants retain their human rights wherever we are. 

It is estimate that migrants are:

• 36.1 million are children
• 124.8 miilion are women
• 4.8 million are students
• 150.3 million are workers

The Institute of Mexicans Abroad records that "11,913,989 Mexicans live outside of Mexico; 97.79% reside in the United States of America". 

Mexicans abroad, 54% are women and 46% are men.

The majority of Mexican migrants are in the American continent (54%), followed by Europe (40%), Asia (4%), Oceania (2%) and (3.35%) in Africa.

The 10 countries with the highest number of Mexicans living abroad are: Canada, Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom, Bolivia, Argentina, the Netherlands, Costa Rica, Chile, and Panama.

In America there are a total of 11,793,976 Mexicans and it is estimated that their age is 36 years, 52% are women and 48% men.

There are 103,814 Mexicans in Europe with an average age of 34 years; 58% are women and 42% are men.

References

De Gobernación, S. (n.d.). ¿Quién es una persona migrante? gob.mx. https://www.gob.mx/segob/articulos/quien-es-una-persona-migrante

El portal único del gobierno. | gob.mx. (n.d.). https://www.gob.mx/sre/articulos/sabes-cuantos-mexicanos-viven-en-el-extranjero#:~:text=El%20Instituto%20de%20los%20Mexicanos,los%20Estados%20Unidos%20de%20Am%C3%A9rica.

Human Rights - Socioeconomic History

 Human Rights

What are human rights?

Human rights are not controlled by any state, however they are universal, that is, everyone has them. Although everyone has them, they are not known and are not comply everywhere. They were created after the second worl war. There are 30 articles which are: 

Demographic Information - Socioeconomic History

Birth rate: How many people is born in a certain place. In Puebla the rate is 115,050 births. 

Fecundity: Average number that a woman can have babies. In Puebla the rate is 2.23%. It is measure 

Mortality/Death rate: How many people die in a certain population in an specific time. The rate in Puebla is 6.1.

Life expectancy: The mean number of years that a person can expect to live. In Puebla de life expectancy is 74.9.

Population growth: The annual average of cgange of population size, for given country. Rate of population growth was 1.3 between 210 al 2020.

Demographic structure:  It is the popular age between the population. 47.8% men and 52.2% women and its population represented 25.70% of the total population of the State of Puebla.

Maps and Compass - Geography

 Elements of a map

Helps for the understanding and reading of a map

Scale: Explains the relationship between the data frame and the real world. Shows the places´sizes.

Projection: Representation of the Earth´s surface

• Cylindric 
• Pseudocylindric
• Conic
• Planar

Symbols: Symbols allow us for ease our understandig of how to arrive somewhere

Types of Maps

General reference: These are simple maps showing important physical feautures in an area

• Transit map
• Topographic map
• Political map

Thematic: Shows the spatial distribution of identifiable earth surface features.

• Physical map
• Climate map
• Land use map
• Population map

Compass Rose

Earth has a magnetic field that surrounds it. The compass uses motion-sensitive needles. Thanks to the magnetization of the needle, one end of it always points to the North, in this way we can know what the other cardinal points are. The compass is a tool that had helped sailor across the ocean. Nowadays this had been an incredible implement for localization.

You can make your own compass with a needle, a magnet, a cork, a little bowl and water.

First you have to magnetize the needle with the magnet, after that insert them in the middle of the cork, and finally put in on the bowl with water and look how it moves.

Carvajal, G. (2023, January 17). The compass: what it is and how it works. The Green Compass. https://www.labrujulaverde.com/2005/05/la-brujula-que-es-y-como-funciona

Source of Information - Geography

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Geographic Information System 

Spaciallocation of information with a geographical component.

Global positioning system

It is based on the use of artificial satellites to determine the geographic postion of any location.

It was created in US on 70´s - 80´s

We use it to adjust the time of our watches, to identify new routes to reach our destination, to delimit and even to fire nuclear missiles.

Mapping or Cartography

Elements:

• Cartographic projection
• Symbology
• Associated legend 
• Cardinal points
• Absolute location

Imaginary lines, points and circles of the Earth 

Earth axis line crosses the center of the Earth line, there are meridians that are perpendicular semi-circles; parallels are minor imaginary circles that are parallel to the equator.

 

Geographic Space Components - Geography

 Geographic Space Components

Geographic space isthe way people and countries move with the natural components.

• Political components: It is an organizational system that alows human society to choose a leader, like president and elections.
• Natural components: Elements of the landcape with natural origin without human intervention, for example volcanoes and forests
• Cultural components: Elemts between human interaction, elemets of a human society characteristcs such as religion and language.
• Economical components: Movement of money in relation with natural resources
• Social components: Characteristics of a human society in a determine natural space, like demography

Geography Methodoly - Geography

Geography Methodology

The methodology is a way f covering, studying and analyzing certain scientific events. It is also a way we can ease studying a topic. 

Principle of localization: It is based on the orientation of the geographical facts and the spatial analysis of the same fact.

Principle of evolution: It is the analysisi of the Earth constant evolution and change. 

Principle of generality: It is based on search, comparison and description of similar processes that may be happening elsewhere in the world, taking as a reference the localization principle, done in the first place.

Principle of relation: Identificates the links between the various phenomena when they occur as a result or consequence. 

Methodology of Monarca Butterfly

Principle of localization: Mexico (Michoacan and State of Mexico), USA and Canada

Principle of evolution: Low temperatures in Canada and USA. 

Principle of generality: Migration of animals are common in a lot of species

Principle of relation: This happen because the change of the seasons.

Methodology of  Bioluminescence in Holbox

Principle of localization: Holbox has the presence of microorganisms called luciferina 

Principle of evolution: It occurs during the night 

Principle of generality: It happens in a lot of places where luciferina lived, such as in Puerto Rico

Principle of relation: It results because of the exchange of oxygen that interacts with a protein, it only occurs in certain places

References: Staff, F. (2019, July 12). Bioluminescence in Holbox: Everything you need to know. Forbes Mexico. https://www.forbes.com.mx/forbes-life/bioluminiscencia-en-holbox-todo-lo-que-debes-saber/

What is Geography? - Geography

Geography 

Definition: The study of the enviroment and climate conditions of the Earth, it also study the distribution of living beings.

Types of geography

• Human geography: economy, history, sociology, demography, law.
• Physical geography: mathematics, botanic, physics, chemistry, zoology.
• Biologycal geography: biology, zoology, botanic, ecology.

Auxiliary sciences

• Atronomy: studies how the influence of celestial bodies determines the structure of the Earth and how it helps to explain the state of its surface.
• Sociology: study how a population interacts
• History: helps to understand how people have altered the world
• Politics: study how the powers of certain territories fight to achieve supremacy
• Metereology: study how climate is distributed in the world
• Physics: study how different physics phenomena changes the Earth
• Zoology: studies the characteristics of the fauna in the regions, the evolution and dynamics of the areas in which the animals are distributed and the relationships with the human species
• Biology: study different species of living things
• Geology: studies the evolution of the planet and its inhabitants, through the analysis of rocks
• Demography: study distribution of the Earth´s population
• Chemistry: study what our planet is made of and how it works; determines the distribution and migration of chemical elements on Earth