Urbanism - Socioeconomic History

 Urbanism

Urbanism is the study of how the population of urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact with the built environment. It is a main component for urban planning, it is the practice that focuses on the physical design and management of urban structures and urban sociology, which is the academic field of study.

Principles of urbanism

Walkability

– Most things are within a 10-minute walk from home and work.

Connectivity

-The network of interconnected streets disperses traffic and makes walking easier.

Mixed use and diversity

-A mix of shops, offices, apartments and houses on the site. Mixed use within neighborhoods, interior and exterior.

Mixed Housing

-A range of types, sizes and prices in greater proximity.

Quality Architecture and Urbanism

 - Design Emphasis on beauty, human comfort and creating a sense of place; a special situation for civil and solar uses within the community. The architecture within the human range and the beautiful surroundings nourish the human soul.

Urban cities

Los Angeles

Los Angeles is a city located in the state of California, it is recognized for residing one of the most famous entertainment industries in the world, it is also one of the most populous in the United States.

HABITANTS: Population in 2022 was 12,488,000 

MINIMUM WAGE:  $16.04 per work hour

ECONOMY: "Los Angeles County is one of the most dynamic economies in the world, with a fast-growing and immense high-tech industry, world-leading creative economy, tremendous strength in aerospace and advanced transportation, the nation’s largest manufacturing base, the nation’s largest international trade industry, and a rapidly increasing amount of venture capital investment in startups". (LAEDC)

HEALTH COST INDEX: The average cost of health insurance in California is $541 per month for a 40-year-old purchasing a Silver plan. (14 feb 2023)

EDUCATION: For the academic year 2022-2023, the average undergraduate tuition & fees of Colleges in Los Angeles, California is $4,828 for in-state and $24,382 for out-of-state.

SECURITY: IB. (2023, February 8). Is Los Angeles safe to visit? A comprehensive safety guide. Bounce. https://usebounce.com/guides/los-angeles/is-los-angeles-safe-to-visitt received a very high overall score of 76.5 on the 2021 Safe Cities Index, making it the 18th-safest city among 60 cities worldwide

TRANSPORT: The Los Angeles Metro is affordable, relatively easy to use, and services most of Los Angeles County and its top attractions. The public transit system consists of Metro Buses, DASH Buses, and Metro Rail Trains. To ride these buses, trains, and subways, we recommend purchasing a reusable TAP Card.

Mexico city

HABITANTS: Population of 8.855 millon

(Organización de las Naciones Unidas, Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos)

MINIMUM WAGE: $172.87 pesos per work day 

ECONOMY: According to Data Mexico "in the fourth quarter of 2022, the economically active population of Mexico City was 4.92M people. The employed workforce reached 4.7M people (45.1% women and 54.9% men) with an average monthly salary of $4.18k MX".

HEALTH COST INDEX: The Federal Expenditure Budget Project (PPEF) 2022 "proposes 824 thousand 181 million pesos (mdp) for the health sector, this means an increase of 0.37% of GDP compared to 2021. 9.1% of this increase is allocated to the program IMSS – Well-being, which according to the direction and efficiency of spending"

EDUCATION: The Mexican Constitution establishes that citizens have the right to receive education. The United Mexican States, through the Secretariat of Public Education, Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP), is in charge of providing education to the people under four basic principles, (in public education): it is secular, compulsory, free, and must meet quality standards

SECURITY: In 2022 INEGI shows that "in September, 64.4% of the population aged 18 and over considered living in their city unsafe. During September 2022, 70.5% of women and 57.2% of men considered that it is unsafe to live in their city".

TRANSPORT: Public transportation is made up of: metro, light rail, suburban train, metrobus, mexibus, trolleybus, RTP (Public Transportation Routes – government bus), collective, suburban bus, and taxis. These make 78.5% of the trips in the city. The rest is done by private transport, with the private car having the greatest share of trips.

References

Quintero, D. (2023, March 9). Salario mínimo en México: ¿cuánto subió y qué efectos tendrá? Factorial Blog. https://factorial.mx/blog/salario-minimo-mexico/#:~:text=Salario%20m%C3%ADnimo%202022&text=Salario%20m%C3%ADnimo%20general%20pasa%20de,total%20suma%20%245%2C255%20pesos%20mensuales.

Ciudad de México: Economía, empleo, equidad, calidad de vida, educación, salud y seguridad pública | Data México. (n.d.). Data México. https://datamexico.org/es/profile/geo/ciudad-de-mexico-cx#:~:text=En%20el%20cuarto%20trimestre%20de,mensual%20de%20%244.18k%20MX.

Méndez, J. S. M. (2021, September 29). Presupuesto para salud en 2022: Prioriza IMSS – Bienestar: primer y segundo nivel de atención. https://ciep.mx/presupuesto-para-salud-en-2022-prioriza-imss-bienestar-primer-y-segundo-nivel-de-atencion/#:~:text=El%20Proyecto%20de%20Presupuesto%20de,del%20PIB%20respecto%20a%202021.

INEGI (2022, October 18) ENCUESTA NACIONAL DE SEGURIDAD PÚBLICA URBAN TRIMESTRE DE 2022. https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2022/ensu/ensu2022_10.pdf

Medina, S. (2019, August 16). El transporte público en la Ciudad de México: incentivos a la ineficiencia - Distintas Latitudes. Distintas Latitudes. https://distintaslatitudes.net/archivo/el-transporte-publico-en-la-ciudad-de-mexico-incentivos-a-la-ineficiencia#:~:text=El%20transporte%20p%C3%BAblico%20en%20la%20Ciudad%20de%20M%C3%A9xico%20se%20compone,colectivo%2C%20autob%C3%BAs%20suburbano%20y%20taxis.

Los Angeles Metro Area Population 1950-2023. (n.d.). MacroTrends. https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/23052/los-angeles/population#:~:text=The%20current%20metro%20area%20population,a%200.1%25%20increase%20from%202020.

LACity (2021) https://wagesla.lacity.org/

Thrive in LA - Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. (2022, June 21). Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. https://laedc.org/thrive-in-la/

Colleges in Los Angeles, California 2023 Tuition Comparison. (n.d.). College Tuition Compare. https://www.collegetuitioncompare.com/compare/tables/?state=CA&city=Los%20Angeles#:~:text=For%20the%20academic%20year%202022,are%20higher%20than%20national%20average.

B. (2023, February 8). Is Los Angeles safe to visit? A comprehensive safety guide. Bounce. https://usebounce.com/guides/los-angeles/is-los-angeles-safe-to-visit

Getting Around LA - How to Get Around Los Angeles for Tourists. (n.d.). Go City®. https://gocity.com/los-angeles/en-us/blog/getting-around-los-angeles#:~:text=The%20Los%20Angeles%20Metro%20is,purchasing%20a%20reusable%20TAP%20Card.