Community

Exercises Rights

The community provides a framework for the exercise of our individual rights, it is the source and raison d'être (reason of being) of collective rights.

Cultural rights cannot arise outside the culture in which the individual is immersed

Makes commitments

Belonging to a community means that the rest of its members share the same fate, mutually commits themselves to the tasks necessary for the preservation and prosperity of the group.

The sense of belonging indicates that staying together in the pursuit of collective goals Is the best way to see individual aspirations satisfied, so our good depends on the common good

Taking a position on certain cultural practices

The self-criticism of colonialism and the cultural Imposition exercised by Western nations that conquered the world's largest pare between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries gave rise to two ways of understanding the relationship between cultural diversity and the rights of individuals:

-The universalist position

- Relativistic position

The universalist position that individual rights, as formed in Western societies, must be applied without any adaptation to all societies in the world.

The relativism, this position says that all cultural practices must be judged within their own context and not on the basis of external criteria, relativism implies that we cannot protect individuals from abuses committed in the name of the culture to which they belong.

Diversity is inevitable, but the problem is when the existence of customs and cultural traditions that do terrible harm to millions of human beings, one of the most harmful traits to human dignity and the life of individuals is misogyny, belief that women possess less skills and abilities than men

 Astronomic influences

Moon, Sun and planets played an important role.

The formation of the solar system happened 4500 million years ago

Big bang theory

Most accepted theory

13,500 million years ago

The Earth

It is 510 million square Kilometers and the length of its radius ranges from 6357 km (polar radius) to 6378 km (equatorial radlus. Despite this, the Earth is a small star in the Universe as a whole.

Shape

It has a apherical shape, but la not a perfect uphere. since la alightly flattened at the polar and bulky around the equator,

This peculiar shape of our planet is called geoid.

The Sun

• The Sun alone is one million three hundred thousand times larger than it
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• The Sun is a star made of the same materials fourd in the Earth and the rest of the planets
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• The proportions in the Sun are different. About three-quarters of the Sun's mass consists of hydrogen: the rest is mostly hellum. with much smaller amounts of other elements, such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, neon, iron. sillcon, magnesium, and sulfur.
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• Like other stars, the Sun is spherical in shape, Due to Its rotational motion, it shows a slight flattening at its poles, Its structure is made up of a type of concentric layers, each of which has particular characteristics that are mentioned below.
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• A huge mass of incandescent gas that produces its energy through atomic explosions.
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• The large amount of mass that the Sun possesses exerts its gravitational influenco on all elements within the solar system.
• It attracts them all to itself and causes them to revolve in elliptical orbits around itself.
•  Duration of year
• Seasons
• Duration of day and night
• Tides
• Life on Earth
• At the same time, light and atomic particles are sent to all comers of the solar system.
• On the other hand, the system can be delimited precisely by the radius of influence that the Sun exerts on this portion of space.

The Moon

The Moon, on the other hand, is even smaller, being about a quarter of the size of the Earth.

 Lithosphere

Layer of the Earth

The formation of plantes began with the formation of the galaxy, with the star dust spinning on the protoplanetary disks. It is estimated that eart formed million of years ago. 

The earth is a solid planet with an equatorial radius of 6378 km and a polar radius of 6356 km.

Earth´s crust 

It is above the mantle. Two types are distiguished: continental and oceanic the solid upper portion of the mantle and the earth´s crust from the mantle and the earth´s crust form the lithosphere.

Mantle

Covers the core. Thickness of 300 km. Composed of silicon rocks, magnesium and iron. Very high temperatures by its contact with the core.

Core 

Iron and nickel alloy, radius of 3486 km. Internal heat source. Contains radioactive material.

Proccesses that determine the formation of their relief

The different forms of reliefs, such as mountains, valleys, canyons, are the result of the transformation of the land surface caused by different forces acting on it.

These processes can be classified in type: 

• Endogenous processes, bring together different forces that act on the Earth´s surface that are originated from the interior of our planet.
• Exogenous processes, bring together the forces of transformation that are originated in the earth´s crust.

Endogenous processes

Tectonic plate

Theory that explains the dynamics of the lithosphere, which is divided into plates of different sizes, whose boundaries are adjacent to each other and interact in three ways.

• Divergent Plate Boundary: Originate in the oceanic crust in places where the convection dynamics of the mantle move the edges in opposite directions, forming a fault over the oceanic crust

• Dynamics of transformation: Their happens when the boundaries of two plates slide horizontally in opposite directions, forming transformation faults.

• Diastrophism: Set of processes originated by the convergence of plates, which derive from the regions of contact slowly in width of millions of years. It represents twisting of the crust in these of tectonic activity and results in the formation of mountain rages. 

The cultural, ethnic and age diversity of your communnity - Socioeconomic History

The cultural, ethnic and age diversity of your communnity 

Etnich group: They are populations whose social, cultural and economic conditions and customs distinguish them from the rest of society and who have preserved their identity throughout history as collective subjects who claim their origin, history and cultural characteristics given in the worldview.

Indigenous group: Indigenous peoples are diverse social and cultural groups with collective ancestral ties to the land and natural resources on which they live, occupy or migrate.

Community: A community is a group of people who share certain common elements such as language, customs, values, tasks, worldview, age, geographic location, social status, or roles.

Culture

"Learned set of traditions and lifestyles socialle acquired, from members of a society, including their prescribed and repetitive ways of thinking feeling and acting" -Marvin Harris

A culture is more than a series of typical elements, such as dress, food, or physical appearance, it is also a complete view of the world.

In Mexico, there are 68 indigenous peoples, each one has its own culture whose value is not different 

Etncoculturalization

A partially conscious and partially unconscious learnig experience through which the oler generation encourages and forces younger generations to adopt traditional ways of thinking and behaving

Culture encompasses what we think how we think how we relate to others.

Ethnic diversity

Nahuas, Nahuatl, coarse respect for nature, farmers, progress with work even if it is without remuneration, without social distinction by gender.

Maya, second largest population of indigenous people in Mexico, combination of Catholicism, non-modern life

Micteco, cultivation of corn, cocoa, cotton and gold; They live in mountainous areas, ancient medicine.

Zapotecs, Oaxaca Guerrero and Chiapas, agriculture, livestock and fishing.

Tsental, Chiapas, sowing, humility and morality drives the world.

Otomi, crafts, livestock and agriculture; They make their own clothes.

Tzotzil, Chiapas, Mayan descent, two souls, one human and one animal.

Totonacas, mountainous and coastal, vanilla and chile, frog hunting, armadillos, commercialized with corn. Women with braids decorated with feathers

Masagua, corn, beans and squash, pottery, handicrafts and livestock.

Mazatecos, bricks, sheets and cement, medicine with herbs and mushrooms, planting coffee, rice, pineapples and sesame seeds, Catholics

Chol, Mayan descent, Chiapas, cultivation ceremonies, diseases due to mistreatment of the land.

Huasteco, fishing, salt, chiles and country fruits, Mayan ancestors, piercings in the skin and they wore jewelry, without clothes.

Purépechas and Tarascos, modifying bronze, painting and sculpture, blackberry tamale, ball game.

Chinanteco, crafts, embroidery and weaving, polytheists.

Mixe, coffee cultivation, they live three months on the plantation, plantains and potatoes.

Tarahumara, running long distances, polytheistic, bright colors and ornaments on clothing, born on a mountain and care for animals.

Mayo, Yanki descendants, healers, concrete palm and wood, irrigation systems and pesticides.

what,

Amuzgo, crafts.

Tojolabal, ranchers, barter, family, eternal father, adore the sun and the moon.

Huichol, Nahuatl, two types of diseases, adobe huts for their deities.

Triquis, banana and coffee cultivation, corn

Yaqui, livestock and bank loans, cahita and Spanish, quackery.

Popoloca, ceramics, mastery of corn and use of salt.

Lacandón, fruits, corn and yams, protect the jungle

Traditions

Viacrucis de Iztapalapa

Procesion in Puebla

Ethnic diversity

According to the Mexican Constitution, our country has a multicultural composition, based originally o its indigenous peoples, which retain their own or part of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions.

Currently, there are about 70 ethnic groups in our country, which are distributed throughout 

• According to INEGI (2015) the 10% of the population calls themselves indigenous, 6.1% declare themselves to speak an indigenous language.
• Most of our country´s conserved ecosystems are located in indigenous territories (cosmovision)
• In 2018, 6.9% of the indigenous population was in poverty, while 39% of the non-indigenous population was in the same situation.
• The social disadvantages that indigenous people accumulate as a result of systematic processes of exclusion and discrimination limit their opportunities for development and participation.
• Conditions must be created for their full development and for the full exercise of their economic and social rights.

News

On March 8, 2023, Inés Fernández, originally from Guerrero, announced that one of her attackers had been sentenced to 20 years in prison. At the age of 25, Inés was the victim of sexual abuse at the hands of 11 members of the Mexican Army. According to what she recounts, when denouncing, she faced discrimination for being a woman and indigenous and the inefficiency of the Mexican authorities, who put obstacles in the search and trial of the aggressors.

 

Hydrology in Mexico - Geo

Hydrology

Study of the water cycle in its natural environment, inland water processes in solid, liquid and gaseous state. Aspects related to the global water balance, so the dynamic of transfer between the atmosphere continents and oceans. The hydrosphere is the body of water present, low and above the Earth’s surface.
96% of the water on land is in the oceans and seas, which cover 70% of the land surface.

Oceanic waters

Characteristics

Salinity, temperature, density and content of nutrients and gases.
The water, contained in the oceans and seas, covers 60% of the surface. It plays a fundamental role in the dynamics of planetary systems, as well as climate and atmosphere.

Salinity: It is acquired through the erosion of rocks and soil at the bottom of water streams flowing into the sea, which incorporates different types of chemical compounds, including different types of salts. 

Temperature:  Oceans can absorb heat faster and conserve it longer than are, making them the main regulator of the earth’s temperature. Temperature depends on location. 

Density: The density of the water in the oceans varies according to its salt content and its temperature, the most salts, the density increases, higher the temperature decrease.

Nutrients: These nutrients are very important to the life of our planet. Marine organisms that perform photosynthesis produce around 50% of the oxygen we breathe. Nitrates and phosphates are essential nutrients for marine plant species. 

Oceanic movements

They have different depths and directions. Wind and storms create different oceanic currents. It helps on sailing. They are constants. Maury, father of oceanographic. The movement of ocean waters along the Earth is fundamental to dynamics of natural systems, less dense waters are located on the surface and transport heats to the surface of the continents, while cooler and more densely packed waters transport nutrients and dissolved gases to greater depths. 
The interaction of solar radiation, rotational motion of our planet and its gravitational effect, generate the formation of ocean currents. 

Types of currents

• Tidal currents are produced by the cycles of movement of coastal waters during the rise and fall of tides, which are determined by the gravitational influence of the moon and the sun.
• Thermocline circulation is mainly determined by differences in tidal density, caused by temperature and salinity.
• Surface ocean currents, formed by the friction that the winds on the surface of the oceans, and take the direction of the wind.

In land water

Continental water is the portion of water on our planet that is present on the continents, surface or underground. It is water with low salt content because it causes essentially from rain. It is called fresh water, and is the main source for all terrestrial beings. 

Water body 

Rivers: surface runoff of water comes from precipitation that falls into mountains or high altitudes and forms surface streams. Permanent rivers are one of the main sources of drinking water for the vast majority of humanity.

Lakes: a body of water that forms within continents due to the accumulation of water from a river, when the shape of the relief is stabilized and forms a concave surface.

Groundwater: coming from the precipitation that infiltrates the subsoil forms large deposits of this liquid and underground streams, can emerge to the surface and form springs. The portion of fresh water in the subsoil is one of the most important sources of drinking water for humans.

Glaciers: frozen water that forms the progressive accumulation of snow on the relief. It presents a flow movement caused by gravity, which follows the contour of the relief 

Social Phenomena - Socioeconomic History

 Social Phenomena 

Analysis of social phenomena

Corruption, Homophobia, Feminicide, Drug Traffiking and Animal Abuse

Social phenomena in Mexico is the result of years of indiference, ignorance and violence in our society. I think that social problems are the cause of the little education we have, we need conscious citizens with values ​​that help to eradicate corruption. Government corruption results in a violent country, filled with little empathy for others. Violence generates social problems that harm the entire population of the country. As a result we have, feminicides and drug traffiking. However nowadays there many social movements that wants to change these issues, and we can contribute with them informing ourselves which actions affect our society.

Urbanism - Socioeconomic History

 Urbanism

Urbanism is the study of how the population of urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact with the built environment. It is a main component for urban planning, it is the practice that focuses on the physical design and management of urban structures and urban sociology, which is the academic field of study.

Principles of urbanism

Walkability

– Most things are within a 10-minute walk from home and work.

Connectivity

-The network of interconnected streets disperses traffic and makes walking easier.

Mixed use and diversity

-A mix of shops, offices, apartments and houses on the site. Mixed use within neighborhoods, interior and exterior.

Mixed Housing

-A range of types, sizes and prices in greater proximity.

Quality Architecture and Urbanism

 - Design Emphasis on beauty, human comfort and creating a sense of place; a special situation for civil and solar uses within the community. The architecture within the human range and the beautiful surroundings nourish the human soul.

Urban cities

Los Angeles

Los Angeles is a city located in the state of California, it is recognized for residing one of the most famous entertainment industries in the world, it is also one of the most populous in the United States.

HABITANTS: Population in 2022 was 12,488,000 

MINIMUM WAGE:  $16.04 per work hour

ECONOMY: "Los Angeles County is one of the most dynamic economies in the world, with a fast-growing and immense high-tech industry, world-leading creative economy, tremendous strength in aerospace and advanced transportation, the nation’s largest manufacturing base, the nation’s largest international trade industry, and a rapidly increasing amount of venture capital investment in startups". (LAEDC)

HEALTH COST INDEX: The average cost of health insurance in California is $541 per month for a 40-year-old purchasing a Silver plan. (14 feb 2023)

EDUCATION: For the academic year 2022-2023, the average undergraduate tuition & fees of Colleges in Los Angeles, California is $4,828 for in-state and $24,382 for out-of-state.

SECURITY: IB. (2023, February 8). Is Los Angeles safe to visit? A comprehensive safety guide. Bounce. https://usebounce.com/guides/los-angeles/is-los-angeles-safe-to-visitt received a very high overall score of 76.5 on the 2021 Safe Cities Index, making it the 18th-safest city among 60 cities worldwide

TRANSPORT: The Los Angeles Metro is affordable, relatively easy to use, and services most of Los Angeles County and its top attractions. The public transit system consists of Metro Buses, DASH Buses, and Metro Rail Trains. To ride these buses, trains, and subways, we recommend purchasing a reusable TAP Card.

Mexico city

HABITANTS: Population of 8.855 millon

(Organización de las Naciones Unidas, Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos)

MINIMUM WAGE: $172.87 pesos per work day 

ECONOMY: According to Data Mexico "in the fourth quarter of 2022, the economically active population of Mexico City was 4.92M people. The employed workforce reached 4.7M people (45.1% women and 54.9% men) with an average monthly salary of $4.18k MX".

HEALTH COST INDEX: The Federal Expenditure Budget Project (PPEF) 2022 "proposes 824 thousand 181 million pesos (mdp) for the health sector, this means an increase of 0.37% of GDP compared to 2021. 9.1% of this increase is allocated to the program IMSS – Well-being, which according to the direction and efficiency of spending"

EDUCATION: The Mexican Constitution establishes that citizens have the right to receive education. The United Mexican States, through the Secretariat of Public Education, Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP), is in charge of providing education to the people under four basic principles, (in public education): it is secular, compulsory, free, and must meet quality standards

SECURITY: In 2022 INEGI shows that "in September, 64.4% of the population aged 18 and over considered living in their city unsafe. During September 2022, 70.5% of women and 57.2% of men considered that it is unsafe to live in their city".

TRANSPORT: Public transportation is made up of: metro, light rail, suburban train, metrobus, mexibus, trolleybus, RTP (Public Transportation Routes – government bus), collective, suburban bus, and taxis. These make 78.5% of the trips in the city. The rest is done by private transport, with the private car having the greatest share of trips.

References

Quintero, D. (2023, March 9). Salario mínimo en México: ¿cuánto subió y qué efectos tendrá? Factorial Blog. https://factorial.mx/blog/salario-minimo-mexico/#:~:text=Salario%20m%C3%ADnimo%202022&text=Salario%20m%C3%ADnimo%20general%20pasa%20de,total%20suma%20%245%2C255%20pesos%20mensuales.

Ciudad de México: Economía, empleo, equidad, calidad de vida, educación, salud y seguridad pública | Data México. (n.d.). Data México. https://datamexico.org/es/profile/geo/ciudad-de-mexico-cx#:~:text=En%20el%20cuarto%20trimestre%20de,mensual%20de%20%244.18k%20MX.

Méndez, J. S. M. (2021, September 29). Presupuesto para salud en 2022: Prioriza IMSS – Bienestar: primer y segundo nivel de atención. https://ciep.mx/presupuesto-para-salud-en-2022-prioriza-imss-bienestar-primer-y-segundo-nivel-de-atencion/#:~:text=El%20Proyecto%20de%20Presupuesto%20de,del%20PIB%20respecto%20a%202021.

INEGI (2022, October 18) ENCUESTA NACIONAL DE SEGURIDAD PÚBLICA URBAN TRIMESTRE DE 2022. https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2022/ensu/ensu2022_10.pdf

Medina, S. (2019, August 16). El transporte público en la Ciudad de México: incentivos a la ineficiencia - Distintas Latitudes. Distintas Latitudes. https://distintaslatitudes.net/archivo/el-transporte-publico-en-la-ciudad-de-mexico-incentivos-a-la-ineficiencia#:~:text=El%20transporte%20p%C3%BAblico%20en%20la%20Ciudad%20de%20M%C3%A9xico%20se%20compone,colectivo%2C%20autob%C3%BAs%20suburbano%20y%20taxis.

Los Angeles Metro Area Population 1950-2023. (n.d.). MacroTrends. https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/23052/los-angeles/population#:~:text=The%20current%20metro%20area%20population,a%200.1%25%20increase%20from%202020.

LACity (2021) https://wagesla.lacity.org/

Thrive in LA - Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. (2022, June 21). Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. https://laedc.org/thrive-in-la/

Colleges in Los Angeles, California 2023 Tuition Comparison. (n.d.). College Tuition Compare. https://www.collegetuitioncompare.com/compare/tables/?state=CA&city=Los%20Angeles#:~:text=For%20the%20academic%20year%202022,are%20higher%20than%20national%20average.

B. (2023, February 8). Is Los Angeles safe to visit? A comprehensive safety guide. Bounce. https://usebounce.com/guides/los-angeles/is-los-angeles-safe-to-visit

Getting Around LA - How to Get Around Los Angeles for Tourists. (n.d.). Go City®. https://gocity.com/los-angeles/en-us/blog/getting-around-los-angeles#:~:text=The%20Los%20Angeles%20Metro%20is,purchasing%20a%20reusable%20TAP%20Card.